نمایش مبدأ برای الگو:آغاز منابع/توضیحات

{{زیرصفحه توضیحات}}
{{از الگوسبک استفاده می‌کند|الگو:آغاز منابع/styles.css}}

'''{{الگو|refbegin}}''' and its complementary closing template '''{{الگو|refend}}''' are used to apply any of several optional styles or presentational choices for [[کتاب‌شناسی]] or reference lists—that is, lists of fully-specified references, sources, and/or works cited, sorted alphabetically by author or contributor) that appear in Wikipedia articles.

These bibliographies or reference lists frequently appear in dedicated sections within an article, variously titled <code>==References==</code>, <code>==Works cited==</code>, <code>==Bibliography==</code>, <code>==Further reading==</code>, <code>==Published works==</code>, and so on.

Wikipedia [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]] that use bibliography-style reference lists include: [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]], [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]], and [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]]. The [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]] and [[WP:ECITE|embedded citations]] referencing systems do not use those lists, although articles using these latter two systems may also contain "Further reading" or other sections containing bibliography-style listings, that {{الگو|refbegin}} formatting could be applied to.

The formatting options provided by this template are:
{|class="wikitable"
|+refbegin template options/parameters
!Option!!How to get it||Notes
|-
|'''default display'''||<code><nowiki>{{آغاز منابع}}</nowiki></code>||no parameters needed, default fontsize is 90% of standard fontsize
|-
|'''display list in multiple columns'''||<code><nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|n}}</nowiki></code>||where '''''n''''' determines the number of columns, or width of columns based on the browser's screen width
|-
|'''apply hanging indent'''||<code><nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|indent=yes}}</nowiki></code>||will apply hanging indent if an individual reference wraps over more than one line in the browser's display window
|-
|}
Each use of {{الگو|refbegin}}, with or without parameters, needs an accompanying {{الگو|refend}} closing template to 'turn off' the formatting; refend does not need any parameters.

Font size reduction is applied by default. Either one, the other, or both of multi-columns and hanging indent may be applied as well (though see specifics and caveats on browser differences in relevant sections, below).

==Usage==
This template is used only for references—it should not be used to create lists of text which are smaller, in columns, or which have other style data associated with them.

With all (optional) parameters shown:
<pre>
==References==
{{آغاز منابع|n |indent= }}
*list of bibliography/references entries..
...
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

===Placement===
The {{الگو|refbegin}} is placed immediately below the header of the bibliography/references section its formatting will be applied to. The closing {{الگو|refend}} template is placed within the same section, at the end of the bibliography/references list content.

When used, each occurrence of {{الگو|refbegin}} should always be paired with a corresponding closing {{الگو|refend}} template:
<pre>
==References==
{{آغاز منابع}}
*1st entry in the bibliography/references list..
*2nd entry in the bibliography/references list..
...
*last entry in the bibliography/references list..
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

The formatting provided by {{الگو|refbegin}} is "turned on" at the location where the template is placed, and is applied to ''all'' text after and below it, until it is "turned off" by a closing {{الگو|refend}} template (or <code><nowiki></div></nowiki></code> tag). Failing to provide a closing {{الگو|refend}} may produce unwanted effects in other sections that may appear below the 'References', 'Bibliography' etc. section, such as 'External links' sections that are usually placed at or near the article's end.

===Option 1: Default behaviour===
The default usage (without parameters) applies a style that reduces the text size of the bibliographies/reference list entries. This can be useful to make a long bibliography/list of references display more compactly, and it also mimics the formatting style applied to [[راهنما:پانویس‌ها]] by the {{الگو|reflist}} template.

The {{الگو|reflist}} formats footnotes—any text in the article body that is placed between {{برچسب|ref}} tags—that are auto-generated by the [[Wikipedia:Cite.php|cite.php]] extension, called by {{الگو|reflist}}. In the case of articles using the [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]] referencing system, these footnotes will typically contain an abbreviated citation such as <code><nowiki><ref>Smith 2002, p.123</ref></nowiki></code> that corresponds with an entry in the bibliography/references list section (other text such as discursive notes may appear as well).

The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers. Reflist and Refbegin use each one CSS entry in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to set the font size:
<pre>
div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
    font-size: 90%;
}
</pre>

If the 'full' footnotes referencing system is used (i.e. there is no separate bibliography/references list, all cites/references are defined in {{برچسب|ref}} tags), then use {{الگو|reflist}} alone:
<pre>
==References==
{{پانویس}}
</pre>

If there is a bibliography/references list but no footnoted citations (e.g. in general references or parenthetical referencing systems) then use {{الگو|refbegin}} and {{الگو|refend}} like so:

<pre>
==References==
{{آغاز منابع}}
*general reference 1
*general reference 2
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

If there are footnoted citations and a separate bibliography/references list (i.e., the [[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]] system), then place {{الگو|reflist}} to generate the footnotes in one section (immediately above the bibliography/references list), and use {{الگو|refbegin}} in the latter section:

<pre>
==Notes==
{{پانویس}} <!--this will auto-generate the numbered list of footnotes/cites -->

==References==
{{آغاز منابع}}
*bibliography entry / reference 1
*bibliography entry / reference 2
*etc
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

===Option 2: Multiple columns===
If an integer ''n'' is supplied as the first parameter, the template will display the bibliography/references list in n columns. This may be useful for compact display for a lengthy list, and matches also the optional capability of {{الگو|reflist}} to display output in multiple columns. Thus, <nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|2}}</nowiki> will display the list in two columns. If no integer parameter is specified, the default is a single column. Note, it will rarely be useful or practical to display bibliography/references list entries in more than two columns.

If a value with a unit is supplied as the first parameter, i.e. <code>30em</code>, the template will display the bibliography/references list in columns with a minimum width of that value, allowing the browser to determine the optimal number of columns. Using <nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|30em}}</nowiki> for instance is useful for short citations.

{{Pre2|<nowiki>
==References==
{{آغاز منابع|2}}
*{{cite journal |author= Southworth, Jane |author2= Catherine Tucker |date= August 2001 |title= The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url= http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format= PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal= Mountain Research and Development |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume= 21 |issue= 3 |pages= 276–283 |doi= 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn= 0276-4741 |oclc= 107067006}}
*{{cite journal |author= Tucker, Catherine M. |author2= Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date= June 2005 |title= Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url= http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format= PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal= Conservation and Society |location= New Delhi and London |publisher= SAGE Publications |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 174–200 |issn= 0972-4923|oclc= 210806013}}
{{پایان منابع}}</nowiki>}}

'''References'''
{{آغاز منابع|2}}
*{{cite journal |author= Southworth, Jane |author2= Catherine Tucker |date = August 2001 |title= The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url= http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format= PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal= Mountain Research and Development |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume= 21 |issue= 3 |pages= 276–283 |doi= 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn= 0276-4741 |oclc= 107067006}}
*{{cite journal |author= Tucker, Catherine M. |author2= Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date= June 2005 |title= Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url= http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format= PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal= Conservation and Society |location= New Delhi and London |publisher= SAGE Publications |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 174–200 |issn= 0972-4923|oclc= 210806013}}
{{پایان منابع}}

{{Pre2|<nowiki>
==References==
{{آغاز منابع|30em}}
*{{cite journal |author= Southworth, Jane |author2= Catherine Tucker |date= August 2001|title= The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url= http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format= PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal= Mountain Research and Development |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume= 21 |issue= 3 |pages= 276–283 |doi= 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn= 0276-4741 |oclc= 107067006}}
*{{cite journal |author= Tucker, Catherine M. |author2= Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date= June 2005 |title= Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url= http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format= PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal= Conservation and Society |location= New Delhi and London |publisher= SAGE Publications |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 174–200 |issn= 0972-4923|oclc= 210806013}}
{{پایان منابع}}</nowiki>}}

'''References'''
{{آغاز منابع|30em}}
*{{cite journal |author= Southworth, Jane |author2= Catherine Tucker |date= August 2001 |title= The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url= http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format= PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal= Mountain Research and Development |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume= 21 |issue= 3 |pages= 276–283 |doi= 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
 |issn= 0276-4741 |oclc= 107067006}}
*{{cite journal |author= Tucker, Catherine M. |author2= Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date= June 2005 |title= Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url= http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format= PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal= Conservation and Society |location= New Delhi and London |publisher= SAGE Publications |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 174–200 |issn= 0972-4923|oclc= 210806013}}
{{پایان منابع}}

===Browser support===
{{CSS3 multiple column layout}}
Multiple columns are generated by using [[شیوه‌نامه آبشاری (نگارش سند)]], which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns. See [[الگو:پانویس]] for more information.

===Option 3: Hanging indentation===
A [[hanging indentation]] may be applied to bibliographies/reference lists by using the {{پارا|indent}} parameter. This option can be useful in long bibliographies/reference lists and in particular when individual entries in the list are long, i.e. they wrap over more than one line in the browser display window. Applying a hanging indent to the list makes it much easier to distinguish the keywords (i.e. normally the authors' names) in the bibliography and makes them stand out from preceding and succeeding lines of text. Hanging indents in bibliographies also form part of several widely used citation style implementations, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago.

To use, set <code><nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|indent=yes}}</nowiki></code>.

'''Examples'''

'''''a)''' Using {{الگو|refbegin}} with the hanging indent option ''|indent=yes'' applied:''

<pre style="overflow:auto;">
==References==
{{آغاز منابع|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}}
* {{cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}}
* {{cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |origyear= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |type= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}}
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

'''References'''
{{آغاز منابع|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}}
* {{cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}}
* {{cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |origyear= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |type= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}}
{{پایان منابع}}

'''''b)''' Using indent in combination with multi-column (in this case, n = 2) display <nowiki>{{آغاز منابع|2|indent=yes}}</nowiki> (note that multi-column only works in some browsers):''

<pre style="overflow:auto;">
==References==
{{آغاز منابع|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}}
* {{cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}}
* {{cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |origyear= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |format= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}}
{{پایان منابع}}
</pre>

'''References'''
{{آغاز منابع|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}}
* {{cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}}
* {{cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |origyear= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[پی‌دی‌اف]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |type= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}}
{{پایان منابع}}

==Template data==
{{Refbegin/TemplateData}}

==See also==
*[[ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه ارجاع به منابع]] – Citation guideline
*[[راهنما:پانویس‌ها]] – Reference guideline
*[[WP:CITET]] – Description of various templates to format individual citation references
*{{الگو|reflist}} – Auto-generated listing of footnotes and inline citations

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